Wine Making Essay Example for Free

Wine Making Essay Winemaking is the production of wine, starting with the selection of grapes and other produce, and ending with putting the delicious wine into bottles! Although wine is usually made from grapes, it may also be made from other fruits! Winemaking can actually be divided into 18 different categories†¦.. Harvesting, destemming, crushing, primary (alcoholic) fermentation, pressing, pigeage, cold stabilization, heat stabilization, second fermentation, bulk aging, Malolactic fermentation, laboratory tests, blending, fining, preservatives, filtration, and last but not least, bottling! Lets now find out how to make wine! Harvesting Harvesting is the picking of the grapes and the first step in wine production. The grapes are either harvested by hand or mechanically, the decision lies on the winemaker. Before harvesting, the winemaker checks the grapes for ripeness, flavor, seed color and taste, and lastly, the sugar level! Mechanical harvesters are large tractors that straddle grapevines, and with a rubber rod, strike the vine to get the grapes. Mechanical harvesters have the advantage of picking grapes in a short amount of time. The disadvantage is all the leaves and stems come with the grapes. Some smart winemakers take off the leaves with another machine before harvesting. Destemming Destemming is the process of removing the stems from the grapes. This process may take place before, or after crushing, depending on the winemaker. If you harvest by hand, you can just skip this step altogether! Crushing Crushing is when gently crushing the grapes and breaking the skin to start getting flavor. In traditional and small wineries the grapes are sometimes crushed by stomping on them. However, in large, more upscale wineries, the grapes are crushed by a large, mechanical, wine crusher. Primary (alcoholic) fermentation Have you ever wondered what the powdery coating around grapes is? So have I! Yeast is what the powder is, which is useful for alcoholic fermentation. Since this can give unpredictable results, cultural yeast is added to the mix. During fermentation, the yeast cells feed on the sugars and multiply, creating carbon dioxide gas and alcohol. The tempeture affects both the taste of the product and the speed that fermentation is over. For red wines, the temperate is typically 72-77 F, and for white wine, the normal tempeture is 59-64 F. For every gram of sugar that is converted, about half a gram of alcohol is produce, so to get a 12% alcohol concentration, the product has to contain 24% of sugar. Pressing Pressing is the act of applying pressure to grapes in order to separate wine from grapes and grape skins. Presses act by positioning the grapes or grape skins between a rigged surface and a movable surface and slowly decreasing the volume between the two surfaces. As the pressure increases, the amount of tannin extracted from the skins into the juice also increases. Pieaege Pieaege is a French winemaking term for the traditional stomping of the grapes in open fermentation tanks. To make different type of wine, grapes are put through a crusher and then poured into open fermentation tanks. Once fermentation begins, the grape skins are pushed to the surface by carbon dioxide gases, released in the fermentation process. The layer of skins at the top is called the cap. The cap needs to mix with the liquid each day for flavor Cold and Heat Stabilization Cold stabilization is a process used in winemaking to reduce tartrate crystals that’s in wine. These crystals look like grains of clear sand, and are formed by acid and potassium. The temeture of the wine is dropped close to freeing for 1-2 weeks. This will cause the crystals to separate from the wine. During heat stabilization, unstable proteins are removed by absorption, preventing them from being in the finished bottle of wine. Second Fermentation. This process takes three to six months, and is very valuable! The wine is kept under airlock, and proteins from the grapes are broken down, and the yeast cells that are still remaining and other particles are able to settle. In this process, the wine goes from being cloudy, to clear! Secondary fermentation usually takes place in large stainless steel vessels or large oak barrels. The oak gives wine a very good finished taste, but if the winemakers decide to put the wine in stainless steel, oak chips are added! Malolatic Fermentation. This process occurs when lactic acid bacteria mixes with malic acids and produces lactic acids and carbon dioxide. Malolatic fermentation can improve the taste of wine that has large amounts of malic acids. Malic acids creates an unpleasant, harsh, and bitter taste sensation. All red wines go through malolatic fermentation to lessen the amount of acid in the wine, and to remove the possibility that malic acids may be in the bottle. On the other hand, many white wines do not go through fermentation, because they don’t have a lot of acid. Laboratory Tests. Whether wine is stored in vessels or barrels, tests are done regularly. These tests are done to test sugar level, alcohol level, pH level, and many other factors. Theses tests are performed throughout the making of the wine, from the first step through the last! Blending and Fining Different wines can sometimes be mixed together to achieve the desired taste. This process is as simple as the tests the wine have, every now and then. Fining is removing the chemicals and particles that make the wine cloudy. Gelatin has actually been used in many wines for centuries, as a traditional method for wine fining! Usually, no gelatin actually remains in the wine, as it mixes with other chemicals. Also many fining agents will use milk, eggs, bone char, bulls blood, an animals bladder, honey, and a skim milk powder. Preservatives The most common preservative in winemaking is sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide has one main reason, and that is that its an anti oxidant. If sulfur dioxide is added before alcoholic fermentation, it may damage the effects of oxygen, and the wine will go bad! Without the use of sulfur dioxide, wines will suffer bacterial spoilage. Some winemakers practice natural winemaking where no preservatives are added. The wine is then put in a freezer with the temperature being 5 C. Filtration Filtration in winemaking is used to accomplish two objectives: clarification and stabilization. In clarification, large particles that effect the visual appearance of the wine are removed. In stabilization, organisms that effect the stability are removed, therefore killing all possibilities of the wine going bad. The wine is then put in the refrigerator at a low temperature. Bottling. Finally, the last step in winemaking! A final does of sulfite is added to help preserve the wine and to prevent unwanted fermentation going on in the bottle. Once the wine bottles are filled,, they are traditionally sealed with a cork. The final step is adding a capsule! The wine is now ready to be shipped off, and then sold to buyers that will greatly enjoy the taste! Many people actually don’t know how much work is put into making the wine! That’s why its so expensive, nowadays! I hoped I helped you to understand the process of†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. WINEMAKING!!!!!

Essay --

1.0 Analysis on Ford Motor Company Financial Condition Based on question 1, the table in appendix 1 indicates the financial statement of Ford Motor Company from the year 2008 to 2012. According to the table, the balance sheet has shown that, there were a positive figure in Ford’s operating income from the year 2012 to 2012. Meanwhile, there were slight decrement in the balance sheet from the year 2008 to 2009, whereby has designates negative value in the operating income. A convergence in factors produced in December 2007 to June 2009, was Great Recession due to bad bank loans, improper credit ratings, lax regulatory policies and misguided government incentives that encouraged reckless borrowing and lending (Lutterell et al., 2011). Besides that, this crisis also had drastic effects towards oil price because in 2008, the oil price has increases up to 18 % from 13% per year because of the crunch. It has resulted loss of trust towards U.S government and its capitalist economic system. According to Fraser Institute Index of Economic freedom has indicated that, from the second rank of global ranking, U.S has drop to 18th in 2012 (Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 2012) The increasing of economic challenges and crunch in 2008 has impacted badly on the annual reports of companies, in both terms of cash flow and operating losses. In the earlier year it is predictable weak, up to 15% drop in annual operational cash flows. Following the declines in automobile sales throughout 2008 has affected the other car maker in U.S, such as, General Motors (GM) and Ford Motor Company. In this case, the automobiles industry has requested for emergency loans in order to encounter upcoming cash shortages (Brent and Glass, 2009). Finally, with the resolv... ...7 compare to Ford which is 1.01 and GM 0.985 and as the average of the year the quick ratio is in positive form which is 0.981. In the past 5 years the total average of quick ratio which is been stated in the financial statement for Toyota is 0.9726 and Ford is 0.86 where else, GM has a low average 0.821 compare to Ford and Toyota. Finally, Ford and GM managed to step away from the low quick ratio issues and went up steadily due to their dedication in maintaining their current liabilities and inventories which Toyota failed to balance which resulted the decreased growth in the year 2012. To be concluded that Ford is the leading force in the automotive industry because of the expert staff, quality products and services. This company is the perfect investment opportunity; paying close attention to the risks and regulations and protecting their investors’ interests.

Reading Music Essay

Of all the stuffs that people usually deal with ease, reading sheet music is just one of the downfall points. They think that the course is not as easy as ABC. Technically, reading sheet music effectively may certainly be impossible if one wants to learn fast. The course usually takes a lot of time and patience before everything is grasped and practiced. This is probably the reason a lot of music enthusiasts out there seldom know how to read sheet music. Undeniably, playing music is not impossible even if the person is unable to read sheet music. The thought is just similar to those who are able to speak, yet unable to write. But learning how to read sheet music will allow someone to explore and discover various music theories that are strange to others who just know the basics of music. On top of that, once techniques in reading sheet music are deeply understood, one is no longer limited to play songs that he/she encountered. The course will lead someone to play all types of music, even the foreign ones. Learning to read sheet music is a little complicated (Lux, n. d. ). Thus, we should take it one step at a time. The following are the ways to read sheet music effective and efficiently. The first lesson in reading sheet music is the study of the staff (Evans, n. d. ). It has five lines and four spaces wherein each corresponds to a single note. The space seen either above or below a certain line represents a note either below or above the scale. The next step a neophyte must learn is to identify the clef and its respective form (Evans, n. d. ). A clef is the first music symbol written over a staff. The clef plays a role that helps indentify which line or space in the staff represents a certain note. A chef is categorized into treble and bass clef. Each has distinctive characteristics. The former is known as a G-clef, a symbol that is used in writing music for melodic voices like soprano, alto, tenor, and the like. The latter, on the other hand, is known as F-clef, a symbol that is used for low-pitched instruments like bass, bassoons, and among others. Determining the key signature is the subsequent step in reading sheet music (Evands, n. d. ). The term, key signature, refers to a group of symbols that are placed directly to the right portion of the clef before a note is written. Such symbol could be a flat or a sharp. If the sheet music does not contain so many symbols, its key signature is considered â€Å"natural† which means it is neither sharp nor flat. Aside from the determination of key signature, it is important to observe the time signature. Such is usually located in the right portion of a key signature. It consists of two numbers that appear similarly to a fraction. These are top number and button numbers. When the preceding steps are followed well, the next step is to play the notes in relation to its time signature. Since, you are already aware of the lines or spaces that correspond to a note, you may now read the piece from left to right. It has to be remembered though that the symbols will either stand for notes or rests. The latter means silence. In other words, rests do not assign any pitch for they are placed in always the same position over staff. Types of notes and rests are whole rest, whole note, half rest, half note, quarter rest, quarter note, and a lot more. It is important to know and understand each type. The last important step in learning how to read sheet music is to listen how notes are played together vis-a-vis the sheet music. There may be some loopholes that will come out while playing, but a constant practice makes it perfect. Learning how to read sheet music is not simply memorizing it. One must understand its basic concepts well enough, see the patterns and apply them. Banking the concepts is something that everyone must do. Without it, real music will not come out. Work Cited Evans, Ashtyn. â€Å"How to Read Sheet Music. † n. d. How To Do Things. 12 April 2009 < http://www. howtodothings. com/hobbies/a2683-how-to-read-sheet-music. html> Lux, Kevin. â€Å"Introduction to Reading Music. n. d. DataDragon Information Services. 12 April 2009 < http://datadragon. com/education/reading/>

Metamorphosis- Creative Writing Essay - 787 Words

He glanced out of the window, watching the sky turning from a deep blue shade to a clear, blue, breezy morning. ‘A good day.’ He made a mental note to himself. The sun baked through the curtains, sharpening his enormous shadow. He thought of that fussy factory owner and sighed. ‘ What am I going to say? Hello, Mr. Martin. I’m afraid I can’t meet you in the hotel this afternoon. Guess what! I have had a terrible twist of fate and have turned into a big, juicy vermin! And then he would reply: How nice! Mr. Samsa, have you got tentacles growing from your baldhead as well? That is so insane!’ Gregor couldn’t help chuckling to himself at this thought, interrupted by the creaking noise from the landing†¦show more content†¦He struggled to find comfort for his back, and couldn’t help wincing. He heaved a sigh of agony and placed his head on the pillow, lied on his back, rather uncomfortably, closed his beady eyes and speechlessl y waited for that moment to arrive. Heavy footsteps ware approaching. Their shoes clap rhythmically on the floor. He knew he must face it. ‘Greg!’ It’s time for breakfast! Annie is staying for dinner tonight!’ He would have responded but it seemed that he had lost the ability to speak. His heart raced very badly. His mother knocked again. ‘Greg?’ Gregor looked at the doorknob, secretly wishing that it would never be turned. Now he heard conversation and the next moment the door flung open, revealing the affectionate couple, standing consciously in the hallway, half peering into the messy bedroom. He bolted upright. Through his dark eyes Gregor saw the couple petrified and wordless. They seemed too stun to stare and they stood in disbelief. His dad’s eyes shot from the vacant bed to the giant vermin and sneered at him. After a long moment his mum cried softly.’ Do you hear me Greg?’ There was no sound except the heavy heartbeat of the both of them. Greg didn’t realise how this happened but the next instant his tentacles was pulled and his whole body lifted up and swung. He landed onShow MoreRelatedThe Existential Isolation And Biopsychological Change1519 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of the Existential Isolation and Biopsychological Change in The Metamorphosis and â€Å"Letter to my Father† by Franz Kafka and Unwelcome Visitors† by Tessa Farmer This literary and art analysis will define the correlation between the writings of Kafka and the installation art of Tessa Farmer’s in relation to the themes of existential isolation and biopsychological change. Gregor’s anxiety in The Metamorphosis is partially due to the alienation of society, which cases an existential periodRead MoreThe Relationship Between Gregor and Samsa Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagespioneers who have explored the meaning and purpose of existence, Franz Kafka is one to be noted and studied. A follower of the existentialism movement, he made it a point explore existential philosophy in his literary works. In Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, the main character Gregor Samsa is the parallel to Franz Kafka which is evident through the portrayal of their similar paternal relationships, ties to existentialism, and their inability to exist without the interference of others. The mainRead MoreCreating Chaos and Losing Knowledge1334 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"The Plague†, by Albert Camus, Joseph Grand experiences a creative stagnation. He cannot get past his opening sentence: â€Å"One fine morning in the month of May an elegant young horsewoman might have been seen riding a handsome sorrel mare along the flowery avenue of the Bois de Boulogne.† Having revised it and rearranged it for years, he cannot make sense of it and fails to generate a story. His idea of perfection ruins his creative side. 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You can see this in both of his well known short stories, A Hunger Artist and The Metamorphosis. I believe that there is a personal link between author and character and that it can be found in most of his works. FranzRead MoreLiterary Theories And The Metamorphosis2018 Words   |  9 PagesEnglish 2320 25 April 2015 Literary Theories and The Metamorphosis There exists no one true approach to examine writing; consequently, Literature continually proves to be a misunderstood art. Emerging through time, theories have been conceived due to the study of literature, but different readers believe in different theories. For instance, Franz Kafka’s short story, The Metamorphosis, may be interoperated countless ways do to its intricacy, as well as by varying literaryRead MoreCharacter Analysis Yellow Wallpaper1146 Words   |  5 Pagesimaginative protagonist’s metamorphosis is due to her isolated confinement in a room with â€Å"yellow wallpaper† in order for her to recover from depression. This type of treatment is prescribed by her physician and husband, John, whose controlling personality demands the main character to get bed rest in a secluded room and forbid her to participate in any creative activity that would exercise the mind, which affects her ability to express any thoughts through her enjoyment in writing. At one time, the narrator’sRead More Essay on Metamorphosis of the Family in Kafkas Metamorphosis1868 Words   |  8 PagesMetamorphosis of the Family in Kafkas Metamorphosis      Ã‚   In Franz Kafkas Metamorphosis, the nature of Gregor Samsas reality changes insignificantly in spite of his drastic physical changes. Gregors life before the metamorphosis was limited to working and caring for his family. As a traveling salesman, Gregor worked long, hard hours that left little time to experience life. He reflects on his life acknowledging the plague of traveling: the anxieties of changing trains, the irregular,Read MoreThe Importance Of Social Bonding And How Having Leisure Time1304 Words   |  6 Pagesrunning around. However, hobbies such as reading and writing can also be categorized as play. I agree to which that leisure activities, albeit being â€Å"impractical†, benefits us both physically and mentally. Asma mentioned that play is one of many important means of social bonding and how having leisure time allows us to think and reflect on important matters such as social injustice. Adding on to what I agreed with, play would allow the metamorphos is of humans, in relation to Friedrich Nietzsche’s three-stepRead MoreEssay on The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka1973 Words   |  8 Pagesdepressive symptoms. Franz Kafka’s The Metamorphosis, begins when Gregor has awakened from his disturbed dream as a dung beetle. 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Facts About Snapping Shrimp

The Is The Moral Aspects Of Society And Risk Taking

The uniquely American attributes as seen in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger are the moral aspects of society and risk taking . The author’s use of theme and characterization are a clear and accurate testimony to this. Some general American traits include not waiting to be introduced, but beginning able to speak to strangers as they stand in a queue ( â€Å"American Society and Culture† ). In general, Americans like personal space and have a strong believe of freedom of choice (â€Å"101 characteristics of Americans†). A famous journalist named Joseph Pulitzer coined the idea of exceptionalism in America. Pulitzer, who was not born in America, came to the United States for work and eventually took the risk of going to the army. He came from nothing and built his own empire in the United States, making millions before he died (â€Å"Joseph Pulitzer Wiki bio†) . Pulitzer was not a native born American and his fourth language was English. When he came to the United States he assimilated in the culture and experienced the â€Å"American Dream†. He is a perfect example that anything is possible (â€Å"Joseph Pulitzer biography† ). The novel The Catcher in the Rye was written in the 1950s. The author of the book, J.D. Salinger, served for his country in WWII from 1942-1944. Even after Salinger flunked out of school many times, he kept trying again and again. Salinger is an influential 20th century writer. After the publication of his book, The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger movedShow MoreRelatedPersonal Motives For Corporate Social Responsibility933 Words   |  4 Pagesdirectors to take responsibility for the labor, environmental and social aspects in business. It distinguishes the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) by conducting a survey consisting of a sample of 473 executives. 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Its function and associated processes in moral development have been discussed for centuries by great thinkers from various disciplines. Hoffman (1982) defines empathy as â€Å"an affective response more appropriate to another’s situation than one’s own†. Nonetheless, the notion of empathy has always been a complex concept, and the lack of uniformity in the usage and understandingRead MoreGeo Engineering And Its Effects On The Future Generations1580 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloped or tested to ensure its efficacy and safety. I know that this uncertainty can be lessened through predictions or computer-generated simulation. Despite these efforts, there will still be a percentage of uncertainty when it comes to the risk that future generations may face. Hence, developing and utilizing geo-engineering may have adverse effects in the future generations, which becomes an ethical issue. Subjecting the future generation to the unknown effects of carbon removal or aerosolRead MoreGod Vs. Morality?1113 Words   |  5 Pagesexactly is murder? What does Moral mean? Can morality be based on other standard than the belief in God? With that, can individuals with conflicting religious beliefs resolve a dispute over what morality is? In my assessment I will argue that morality has no specific meaning other than that it is the cultural standard or custom as applied to individual behavior over time. These new questions develop a new route of understanding by first examining into what a moral is. â€Å"A moral is defined as a societalRead MoreMorality Vs. Morality : Morality And Morality1729 Words   |  7 Pagesrelated†¦ to morality† . The idea of law is not that it must be moral but that it provides a system to allow people to live together peacefully in a society. However, as much as it is debated, it is apparent that in order for human civilisation to work laws must generally be moral. Natural law is a theory that emphasises the role of morality in the law. Naturalists argue that all legal official and those within a position of power are under a moral obligation. A Confucian scholar Mencius stated â€Å"only the

Communication Improve Business Performance â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: What Are The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Social Electronic Commerce In Australian Restaurant Sectors? What Are The Factors Of Using Social Media Marketing In Australian Restaurant Sectors? What Are The Possible Recommendations To Improve The Application Of Social Electronic Commerce In Australian Restaurants? Answers: Introduction Social electronic commerce includes the use of social media and online media to promote a business in context of different industries. E-commerce transaction is the vital way of using social electronic commerce. In the year 2005, Yahoo introduced this term that is the social commerce. However, a range of online collaborative shopping tools is involved in the social economics commerce to promote a business via online (Turban et al.. 2017). Australian restaurants use social electronic commerce to meet their business objectives. Application of the social electronic commerce gives the customers a platform to express their viewpoints regarding the service of an organization on the company website. This will help the Australian restaurant sectors to develop their strategy based on the customer feedback. This assignment deals with the opportunities and problems of social media electronic in context of Australian restaurant sectors. However, both positive and negative impacts of social elect ronic commerce will be discussed in this section. Project Objectives The aim of this current project is to reveal the opportunities and threats regarding the application of social electronic commerce in context of Australian restaurant sectors. However, in the recent years, Australian restaurants use the E-commerce to meet the demand of the growing population. In order to develop their marketing campaign social electronic commerce is a unique way in the modern era (Hajli et al., 2017). In this current study, the previous articles regarding the advantages and disadvantages of the social media e-commerce have been analyzed to shed light over the popularity of e-commerce Australian restaurant sectors. A critical evaluation of the various aspects of social electronic commerce has been analyzed in the current study. Analysis of the literature review has been done in this section, which gives the possible recommendations based on the issues of application of social electronic commerce in Australian restaurant sectors. However, by increasing the awareness among the restaurant sectors the misleading of the information via social electronic commerce can be mitigated. This will improve the brand image as well as the business promotion strategy of Australian restaurant sectors. To identify the advantages of the application of social electronic commerce in context of Australian restaurant sectors To identify the issues regarding the application of social electronic commerce in context of Australian restaurant sector To recommend possible ways in order to improve strategies of social electronic commerce to prevent the misleading of information Scope of the Project Application of the social media marketing or online marketing is considered as the modern way of the promotional campaign in the Australian restaurant sectors (Kasemsap, 2017). Use of the social media marketing has been increasing with the enhancement of the digitization as the organizations try to make a connection with the large population to establish their communication process. Such emergence of online marketing gives scope to the restaurant sectors to develop their marketing strategy and to expand their market share in a new market segment. New restaurants in Australia use the digital marketing and exhibit new recipe and their service through social media marketing. As a result, the audience is able to give their feedback regarding the service and products as well a new ideas to the restaurant sectors This present study gives a brief overview of the impact of social media marketing on the restaurant sector in Australia. However, the negative aspects of the social media marketing are also described in this study besides its positive aspects. As a result, the restaurant sectors get an idea of the negative impact of social electronic commerce. Based on the drawbacks of social media marketing the restaurant sectors are able to develop the new strategy to improve the application digital marketing (Qiang et al., 2017). On the other hand, the scope the current project also highlights the opportunities that can be received by the Australian restaurant sectors through the application of social media marketing. Therefore, the literature review includes articles that are published after 2012 and include current information on the selected topic. Literature review Social electronic commerce is an online business practice that enables the users to improve their experience regarding the online shopping via different social media. However, electronic commerce gives a platform to the users to review the products and to search a variety of products via online. According to Ayob, Wilson-Evered McGrath, (2017), there is a difference between the social commerce and the social shopping as social commerce refers to the assimilation of the online vendors while social shopping refers to a virtual group that is developed by the online shoppers. Every organization needs a clear idea about the use of social media marketing and its impact on the business. As commented by Kim et al., (2017), Facebook and Twitter are the popular examples of social media used by the maximum business sectors. However, the business opportunities reach to the restaurant owners by the application of such media, as a result, they are able to develop the new business tool to enhance their online marketing. However, any business can communicate with their customers via social electronic commerce and get details of their profitability regarding their products. According to the survey report, it has been found approx 54% of the young generation has an intention to take a snap of their food while eating in any food sector (Chung et al., 2017). Therefore, it is very common in the people to post the picture of food products that they have eaten any restaurant on their social media along with reviews. However, this is a big part of the Australian culture based on which the use of social media marketing has been increasing rapidly. Such popularity of the social media in Australia enables the food and restaurant sectors to use this as a marketing tool to promote their business. Social capital is an important element of social electronic commerce, which is a network of the individuals those are active users of social media. People share pictures along with the reviews regarding the quality of food that is tasted by them in any restaurant. This helps other to enhance their awareness about the service of such food sectors and an interest grows within them for such restaurant sectors. However, this increases the popularity of the Australian restaurant. According to Qiang et al., (2017), Integra is one of the popular social media used in Australia and advertisement of the Australian restaurants is very common in this media. As per the statistical data the accounting restaurants, those are active on the social media sites have increased their sales by 20% in comparison to those restaurants, which are not active in the social media marketing. According to the survey, the Australian restaurants those do not use the social media marketing have decreased their sale by 10% and have started to use the social media marketing. However, statistical data reveals that 71% of the Australian consumers prefer to take information via social media and give their feedback regarding the service (Kasemsap, 2017). Maximum brands of the hospitality sectors are using the social media marketing in Australia. On the other hand, the employees of the hospitality sectors also prefer the application of social media in the business sectors to promote the business. As stated by Rahimi et al., (2017), social electronic commerce has a major role to improve to develop the business and to attract the guests in the restaurant sectors. In order to improve the brand value of a business social electronic commerce plays an important role in Australian hospitality sectors. Application of the social media marketing leaves a positive impact on the customer's mind and the marketing strategy becomes enriched with its application. Market researcher and the strategy makers reveal that Australian restaurant sector can reduce their operation cost by investing in the social media application. However, the social media cuts the advertisement cost of product promotion. In the traditional marketing the promotional campaign i s costly rather than social electronic commerce and its also time-consuming. According to Horsk et al., (2017), the success of social media application is based on the policies that are taken by the restaurants to use social media marketing. Application Zomato, which is a food-based social media app present in the mobile, is beneficial for the Australian food sectors. However, through this app, the restaurants are able to give detail information in their menu along with their product price. Hence, the consumers get detail information and become interested to purchase food products. As argued by Raghavan, Desai Rajkumar (2017), there are some barriers besides the opportunities for social electronic commerce in the business sectors. However, it is difficult for the restaurants to communicate with the people who are not habituated with the digital application. Therefore, the privacy of the information is a major issue of social media marketing as information regarding the organization may be damaged through the electronic commerce. Therefore, personal information of the users may be disclosed by the use of social media application. Misleading of the information is another negative aspect of social electronic commerce. On the other hand, an impulsive behavior of the consumers develops through the application of social media marketing in Australian sectors that often compel the customers to buy unhygienic food products from the food sectors. Apart from these network related issue also affects the flow of the social media marketing in the context of Australian resta urant (Tan et al., 2017). Literature problem The entire literature review reveals both the positive and negative impact of the social electronic commerce in Australian restaurant sectors. However, there is little account of the factors of social media marketing in restaurant sectors. In a literature review, critical evaluation is necessary (Wang, Pauleen Zhang, 2016). In this current literature review section, proper critical evaluation is required based on the impact of social electronic commerce in Australian restaurant sectors. Gaps opportunities This current literature review highlights on the advantages and disadvantages of the social electronic commerce in context of Australian restaurant sector. However, some major barriers to application of social media marketing in hospitality sectors are also discussed in this section. Hence, the gap of the literature is there is no suggestion about the improvement of social media marketing in business context. Based on this gap the further research can be carried out, which brings a new opportunity for the future researcher over this topic. The social electronic commerce is effective for the Australian restaurant sectors to improve their business performance. The social electronic commerce is less effective to maximize the business performance of the Australian restaurant sectors. Design and methodology of the current research The qualitative method focuses on the interview process. However, the reliability and the validity are the prime areas of the qualitative method as the collected information should be confidential (Abed, Dwivedi Williams, 2015). Probability sampling technique is selected in this method. Therefore, 3 managers from different restaurants of Australia are selected for the interview and considered as the sample size. Data has been collected by conducting the interview of concerned persons through the qualitative method. In this methodology, threat and opportunities of social electronic commerce are the independent variables. On the other hand, the effect of social electronic commerce on Australian restaurants is the dependent variable. Quantitative method Positivism philosophy, deductive approach, and descriptive design are selected in the quantitative method. The descriptive design focuses on the analysis of existing theories and concept (Turban, Strauss Lai, 2016). Questionnaires are considered as the research instrument in the quantitative method. Probability sampling process has been taken and 25 employees of two different Australian restaurants are considered as the sample size. The quantitative method includes survey as the data collection method. The collected data has been represented through using tables, graphs, and charts. In order to measure the validity and reliability, the bias should be discarded and diplomatic feedbacks from the participants are excluded. Limitations of the research Many limitations have occurred while conducting a research. However, the short time frame is a major barrier to this research. The researcher was not able to gather the information properly due to lack of time. On the other hand, due to lack of financial support the researcher was not able to access the paid journals. Therefore, some journals were not valid these are excluded. On the other hand, some articles are not currently published as a result these are discarded while collecting information. Apart from this, some journals provide irrelevant information that is not reliable, which is a big limitation of the current study. Conclusion The above piece of work reveals the opportunities and threats of the social electronic commerce in the context of restaurant sectors in Australia. 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